• Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
• Updated: 1957-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00

The standard (analog) ionosonde produces photographic records known as ionograms, which show the variations of the virtual height of reflection as a function of the radio frequency. The frequency...

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• Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
• Updated: 1958-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00

The oblique incidence sweep-frequency ionospheric sounding technique uses the same principle of operation as the vertical incidence sounder. The primary difference is that the transmitter and...

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• Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
• Updated: 1981-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00

The ionosphere is that part of the Earth's atmosphere that results mainly from the photo ionization of the upper atmosphere. Traditionally, the following ionospheric regions and their approximate...

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• Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
• Updated: 1965-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00

Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) is the total number of electrons in a column of unit cross section extending from the transmitter to the receiver. TEC is calculated from observations of...

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