EnviroAtlas - PRISM 30-Year Normal Annual Precipitation and Minimum and Maximum Temperature for the Contiguous US (1991–2020)

This annual data was accessed from the PRISM project website (https://prism.oregonstate.edu/normals/) and has a spatial resolution of 30 arcsec (800 m). The three climatic variables included in the dataset are total precipitation (inches), maximum temperature (degrees Fahrenheit), and minimum temperature (degrees Fahrenheit). PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University used climate observations from monitoring stations and interpolated to a gridded format using the PRISM model (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model). Interpolation was trained using a DEM (digital elevation model) to improve performance in mountainous regions. The PRISM temperature data were originally reported in °C but were converted to °F. The PRISM precipitation data were originally reported in millimeters but were converted to inches. This dataset was produced by the US EPA to support research and online mapping activities related to EnviroAtlas. EnviroAtlas (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas) allows the user to interact with a web-based, easy-to-use, mapping application to view and analyze multiple ecosystem services for the contiguous United States. The dataset is available as downloadable data (https://edg.epa.gov/data/Public/ORD/EnviroAtlas) or as an EnviroAtlas map service. Additional descriptive information about each attribute in this dataset can be found in its associated EnviroAtlas Fact Sheet (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas/enviroatlas-fact-sheets). From Original Metadata (https://prism.oregonstate.edu/normals/): Abstract: Monthly 30-year "normal" dataset covering the conterminous U.S., averaged over the climatological period 1991–2020. Contains spatially gridded average annual total precipitation and temperature at 4km grid cell resolution. Distribution of the point measurements to the spatial grid was accomplished using the PRISM model, developed and applied by Dr. Christopher Daly of the PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University. This dataset is available free-of-charge on the PRISM website. Purpose: Display and/or analysis requiring spatially distributed annual total precipitation and temperature for the climatological period 1991–2020. Supplementary Information: There are many methods of interpolating climate from monitoring stations to grid points. Some provide estimates of acceptable accuracy in flat terrain, but few have been able to adequately explain the extreme, complex variations in climate that occur in mountainous regions. Significant progress in this area has been achieved through the development of PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model). PRISM is an analytical model that uses point data and an underlying grid such as a digital elevation model (DEM) or a 30 yr climatological average to generate gridded estimates of monthly or annual precipitation and temperature (as well as other climatic parameters). PRISM is well suited to regions with mountainous terrain, because it incorporates a conceptual framework that addresses the spatial scale and pattern of orographic processes. Grids were modeled on a monthly basis. Annual grids were produced by averaging (temperatures, dew point, vapor pressure deficit, and solar radiation) or summing (precipitation) the monthly grids. These gridded normals supersede the 1991–2020 normals produced in October 2021. Improvements over the previous version include more stable adjustments of short-period station data to represent the 1991–2020 period, and additional quality control measures.

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