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Field site locations of dendrometer deployment and seedling plots in a cloud-affected restoration site at Nakula, Maui, 2016-2019

Published by U.S. Geological Survey | Department of the Interior | Metadata Last Checked: January 27, 2026 | Last Modified: 2021-09-02T00:00:00Z
Fog has been demonstrated to support plant growth, survival and ecosystem maintenance spanning rainfall and elevation gradients across the world. Persistent fog and strong winds on high mountain slopes in Hawaiʻi create a unique ecological environment. We collected stem diameter measurements of three native plant species at Nakula Natural Area Reserve, Maui, from 2016-2019 and numerous environmental variables to examine how rain, fog, soil moisture, and associated variables influence plant water deficit and growth. We also collected seedling growth and survival data within plots where grass was removed, and control plots (no grass removal), to assess if and how grass removal influenced seedling growth and soil moisture.

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